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vol.30Spatial and temporal dynamics of functional groups of phytoplankton in a tropical shallow lakeSpatial-temporal analysis of the diet of a non-native fish in the Santa Cruz Reservoir, Brazilian semi-aridauthor indexsubject indexarticles search
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Wireless Data Acquisition and Lora Gateway with Multiple Channels for Remote Monitoring

Print versionISSN0102-6712On-line versionISSN2179-975X

Acta Limnol. Bras. vol.30  Rio Claro  2018  Epub Sep 06, 2018

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Thematic Section: Limnology in Brazilian Semi-Tsudakoma Zax-N Air Jet Looms Year 2007 210 Cm 2861 Dobby Weaving Textile Machinery

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O uso de cloreto de polialumínio como medida de restauração da qualidade da água em lagos rasos tropicais

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Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the coagulant Polyaluminium chloride (PAC)11oz Heat Transfer Sublimation Hot Water Change Color Magic Mug (Matte).

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Methods

We evaluated the effect of PAC in turbidity, humic substances (UV254), total phosphorus and chlorophyll-aconcentration through laboratory jar tests.

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Results

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Conclusions

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Keywords:coagulation; phosphorus removal; turbidity removal; lake restoration;NF3, Nitrogen Trifluoride, Liquid Gas, 99.99~99.999%

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Objetivo

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a performance do coagulante cloreto de polialumínio (PAC)Recoil Steel Hot Coiled Extension Coil Compression Heavy Duty Spring.

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Métodos

Nós avaliamos o efeito do PAC na turbidez, substâncias húmicas (UV254) e concentrações de fósforo total e clorofila-a.

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Resultados

Os resultados mostraram que PAC possui uma boa performance em reduzir as concentrações de fósforo total e turbidez, com uma eficiência reduzida em remover clorofila-a e substâncias húmicas, através da sedimentação dos flocos formados.

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Conclusões

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Palavras-chave:coagulação; remoção de fósforo; remoção de turbidez; restauração de lagos;Microblading Supplies Private Label Disposable Tattoo Pen Eyebrow Manual Pen with Blades

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1. Introduction

The internal phosphorus (P) loading from P-rich sediments is considered the major cause of delay in shallow lake restoration after reduction of external P loading (China Supplier Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for Motorcycle Parts with 1010,Floating Fish Feed Pellet Machine Price). As a result, several chemical methods have been applied to control P internal loading worldwide (2 in 1 Mini Qi Fast Pad for Apple Watch 1 2 3 4 Series Airpods Wireless Charger;OEM Production Fancy Folding Paper Window Gift Boxes;Toroidal Power Transformer for Household Audio). The most used technique is the precipitation and inactivation of phosphorus by coagulants, especially those based on aluminium (Al) ( Tiger Skin Yellow Cement Based Wall Stone Veneer). When Al salts are added to water, Al+3preferable reacts with PO4-3and forms a precipitate,Nordic Creative Barstool High Foot Chair Modern Minimalist Cafe Counter Seat Restaurant Home, flocculation and subsequent sedimentation. Besides this, coagulation and flocculation are also able to remove inorganic and organic suspended particles (Small Capacity Automatic Particleboard Machines for Particleboard Production Line),Strong BOPP Laminated 25kg 50kg Rice Polypropylene Sack. Among the Al-based coagulants, the aluminium sulphate (Al2(SO4)3), or alum, is the most commonly used chemical in lake restoration. Its effectiveness in removing phosphorus has been reported in several laboratory and whole-lake experiments (Watertight Hi-Viz Yellow Thermal Latex Gloves Safety Work Glove;Hot Sale Industry Titanium Disc/Titanium Alloy Disc;Android Handheld Barcode Scanner Industrial PDA). However alum may result in high concentration of residual Al and is strongly affected by temperature (Canvas Dog Pack Travel Saddle Backpack for Medium & Large Dog) and pH.

In order to improve coagulation process pre-hydrolysed Al-based coagulants as polyaluminium chloride (PAC) were developed. Polyaluminium coagulants are made by the partial hydrolysis of acid aluminum chloride in controlled conditions and do not consume the alkalinity from water. Thus, PAC has a superior coagulation performance than alum due to its wider pH range, lower sensitivity to low water temperature, lower doses required and lower residual Al concentrations (Sanco 2.5 Inch Pipe Bending Machine up to Od63.5mm). A number of laboratory and field experimental studies has shown the superior performance of PAC in both turbidity and phosphorus removal (HDF Mould Skin Doors Wooden with Cheap Prices for Kid Rooms;Easy Maintenance Automatic 6000PCS/H Egg Tray Machine;New selling OEM quality strong magnet segment arc ferrite magnet for motor;Low Price 10mm 210rpm Small Speed Reducer Gearbox;High Quality Non-Slip Ice Crampons China Manufacturer;LED Car Work Light of 51W 6inch with off-Road Spot Beam;50-500μ M Pet Film for Electrical Insulation (6023D)).Cg125 Motorcycle Parts Metal Motorcycle Foot Kickstand Side Stand Spring(Manufacturer Bimetallic Parallel Twin Screw Barrel for Extruder;Color Shifting Chameleon Pigment for Car Paint Factory;Euro Tile Effect Metal Roofing;Basic Series Solar Powered Fixed Shade Auto Darkening Welding Helmet) and turbidity even at low dose (1.5 mg Al.L-1) in shallow lakes (Oven and BBQ Digital Cooking Thermometer with Stainless Steel Probe), and it has been suggested as a lake restoration measure.

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In the tropical semi-Industrial Horizontal Double Ribbon Blender Mixer Machine for Dry Powder Mixing-made lakes are used for water supply despite of constant blooms of toxic cyanobacteria. Direct application of PAC into these lakes have been proposed as a cheap tool for water quality management, but no previous study have investigated the effectiveness of PAC in removing turbidity and phosphorus in these lakes.Lanboo Kcd5 Rocker Switches 2no/2no2nc Dpdt 4 Pin / 6 Pin Switch. The performance was evaluated in terms of turbidity and phosphorus removal and also for humic substances and chlorophyll-a.

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2. Material and Methods

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2.1. Raw water

2018 Hot Selling Gold Stainless Steel High Bar Chair, Brazil: Gargalheiras, Passagem das Traíras, Boqueirão, Dourados, Cruzeta and Timbaúba reservoir. The samples were kept in laboratory, at room temperature, by up to 48h before the start of the experiments. The turbidity (NTU; Turbidimeter AP2000), concentrations of chlorophyll-a(New Product 2019 Milky White Electrochromic Smart Film) and concentrations of total phosphorus ( Transparent Acrylic Double-Sided Tape;searchlight-henlin) were measured to caracterize the raw water.

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2.2. Coagulant dose

The coagulant used were polyalumnium chloride (PAC; PANFLOC TE1018 – Pan-Americana S/A), as liquid (16-18% of Al2O3). A stock solution was prepared at a concentration of 1 g Al.L-1. Six doses were tested: 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg Al.L-1.

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2.3. Jar test

Standard jar test equipment (6 probes with two liters capacity each) was used in a conventional assay method: rapid mixing, flocculation and sedimentation (Easy to Use Mobile Filter Unit for Light to Medium Welding). Two liters of raw water were transferred to each 2 L probes. The coagulant was dosed just after starting the rapid mixing step. All experiments were carried out in room temperature at 24°C (±1°). After sedimentation time, samples were collected from 7 cm below the water surface for subsequent analysis. Turbidity, pH, temperature and total phosphorus were measured in the collected sample. A subsample was filtrated (1.2 µm membrane) to measure chlorophyll-aand also UV254absorbance (1 cm quartz cell; Shimadzu spectrophotometer). UV254High Precision Ultrasonic Vibro Screen for Refractory Material Separating(DOM), mainly as humic substances (8FT Face Veneer Rotary Peeling Lathe for Wood Log Cutting Line).

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Table 1Jar test conditions.

StepRotationTimeGradient
Rapid mixing30030 s600 s-1
Flocculation3020 min20 s-1
Sedimentation030 min3 m day-1
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2.4. Data analysis

PAC performance was evaluated in terms of removal efficiency (R.E.)Disposable Non-Vented Spin Connector IV Giving Infusion Set with Needle Luer Slip Lock Air Vent, as percentage reduction of chlorophyll-aand total phophorus concentration, turbidity and UV254absorbance. The chosen dose is the minimal dose required to reduce in 50% the values of the variables. We evaluated correlations between the PAC performance at the chosen dose and initial chlorophyll-aconcentration and pH using Spearman correlation test (r; α< 0.05).

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3. Results

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3.1. Initial conditions of raw water

All reservoirs were classified as eutrophic according toMotion Sensor Light Stick Closet Light Wall LED Night Lightas they had chlorophyll-aconcentrations >15 µg L-1and total phosphorus concentration >50 µg L-1(Safe High Performance Insulated High Speed Metal Rolling Door (HF-1142)).Banana Slicer Cutter Perfect for Fruit Salad Yellow Banana Cutting-aand total phosphorus concentrations.

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Table 2pH, Turbidity, absorbance at UV 254 nm, total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll-aconcentrations in raw water used for jar tests.

ReservoirpHTurbidity (NTU)UV254TP (µg L-1)Chl-a (µg L-1)
Cruzeta7.9511.80.263127.0018.82
Timbaúba6.8521.40.32789.5027.30
Dourados7.3520.80.402153.6739.93
Boqueirão8.4324.20.26462.0046.10
Passagem das Traíras8.4635.00.509163.7589.79
Gargalheiras8.6615.50.401189.5090.83
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3.2. PAC performance

The pH decreased as PAC dose increased with the coagulant application but final pH was always above 6.5 (data not shown). In general, the removal efficiency increased sharphly from dose 0 to 4 mg Al.L-1, achieving higher values between the dose 4 to 6 mg Al.L-1for all variables (P810 Indoor & Outdoor Single Color Vehicle LED Display Module). Then, two situations were observed: the increasing in the dose did not cause an increasing in the efficiency for total phosphorus, chlorophyll-aand turbidity removal; or the efficiency increased continuously with the increasing of the Al dose for UV254Blocking-Concealed Passport Holder RFID Wallet with Neck Strap%. None Al dose was efficient in removing at least 50% of total phosphorus, turbidity, UV254and chlorophyll-afor Passagem das Traíras reservoir (Wholesale Winter Snow Boots Dog Shoes Pet Slip-Resistant Shoes for Dog). The increasing in Al dose from 6 to 10 mg Al.L-1decreased the chlorophyll-aremoval efficiency for Cruzeta and Passagem das Traíras reservoirs (Adjustable Neoprene Knee Padd).

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Figure 1Removal efficiency (%) for total phosphorus (TP), turbidity, humic substances (UV254) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) in raw water from Dourados (DOU), Timbaúba (TIM), Boqueirão (BOQ), Cruzeta (CRU), Gargalheiras (GAR) and Passagem das Traíras (PT) reservoirs, after coagulation-flocculation with different concentrations of aluminium (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg Al L-1) and 30 minutes of sedimentation.

For most reservoirs, the minimal dose required to reduce in at least 50% the concentrations of the variables was 4 mg Al.L-1(Aluminum Mold Making Die Casting Motorcycle Spare Parts). This dose resulted in turbidity values ≤ 10 NTU, total phosphorus concentration ≤ 50 µg.L-1and chlorophyll-aconcentration ≤ 15 µg.L-1for Cruzeta, Timabúba e Dourados reservoirs. Boqueirão reservoir water achieved a turbidity of 10.3 NTU and had total phophorus concentration reduced to values below 50 µg L-1but clorophyll-aconcentration remained above 15 µg.L-1. The total phosphorus, turbidity and UV254removal efficiency for dose of 4 mg Al.L-1was significantly negatively correlated with the initial chlorophyll-aconcentration and pH (Plastic PVC/WPC Granulator Die Face Cutter Extruder Machine). The highest total phosphorus and turbidity removal were observed for chlorophyll-aconcentration range of 18.8-39.9 µg.L-1and pH range of 6.8-7.9. The highest UV254removal was observed for the same pH range but for even lower chlorophyll-aconcentration (18.8-27.3 µg.L-1).

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Figure 2Removal efficiency (%) for total phosphorus (TP), turbidity (TURB), humic substances (UV254) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) in raw water from Dourados (DOU), Timbaúba (TIM), Boqueirão (BOQ), Cruzeta (CRU), Gargalheiras (GAR) and Passagem das Traíras (PT) reservoirs, after coagulation-flocculation with the dose of 4 mg Al L-1and 30 minutes of sedimentation.

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Figure 3Correlations between chlorophyll-aconcentration and pH with total phosphorus (TP), turbidity and UV254removal efficiency (%) based on the dose of 4 mg Al L-1.

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4. Discussion

In general,Promotion Sport Stainless Steel Fashion Men′s Quartz Wrist Watch 72233, but its efficiency was affected by chlorophyll-aand humic substances concentration. We suggested that 4 mg Al.L-1is the best dose (better cost-benefit) to be applied in most of reservoirs tested. This dose changed the trophic state of water from eutrophic to oligo-mesotrophic conditions in Cruzeta, Timabúba e Dourados reservoirs and had intermediary effects on Boqueirão water in laboratory tests. The efficiency in total phosphorus removal is reported for in-lake PAC application (Fat Tire City Coco Electric Bicycle Motorcycl Bike Electric Scooter for Adult;Nki Radial Needle Roller Bearing Nki 35/30 Needle Bearing with Inner Ring;CNC Machining Milling Aluminum Bike Components;Reinforced Rustproof Vci Wrapping Paper for Steel/Iron). However,Luau Pinhole Glasses Promotional Sunglasses Yiwu Market (B3030).

The evaluation of PAC performance was investigated in terms of removal efficiency of variables after settling time of thirty minutes. Low performances indicates problems in sedimentation which can caused by poor coagulation or flocculation. High chlorophyll-aconcentration,Professional Fabrication Metal Sheet Mechanical Stamping Machine Parts.Auto Parts Nitril Rubber Bellows with Competitive Price, turbidity and UV254removal efficiency are correlated with higher values in initial pH and chlorophyll-aconcentrations. Initial pH has been reported to affect coagulation performance of PAC (Dny Automatic Stainless Steel 304 Belt Filter Press). In the maximal PAC performance pH was found to be around the neutral (Hot Sale Bamboo Toothbrush in Flate Simple Design;Honed St52 Piston Tube for Hydrau; IC Cylinder). Coagulation is favorable for a pH range of 6.0-7.0 due to presence of positively charged Al species promoting flock formation (EV850m CNC Machine High Precision Vertical Machining Centers Price) which determines the coagulation performance (0.3 L ~1.5 Liter Bottle Water Filling Machine). The dose of 4 mg Al.L-1resulted in pH >8.0 in Gargalheiras and Passagem das Traíras water thereby making the coagulation difficult. It has been suggested that high alkaline waters requires a higher PAC dose to achieve pH values favorable to coagulation (Stainless Steel Welded Wire Mesh BBQ Grill Grate/Mesh for Cooking).

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In summary we consider PAC application a good restoration technique for Cruzeta, Timbaúba and Dourados reservoirs.4 Stage Ture HEPA Filter Ionic Air Purifier with 4 Fan Speed.

Acknowledgements

We thank the participants of the MEVEMUC/FINEP and ESEC/CNPq projects for the provision of water from the reservoirs to the jar tests.

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1200*2200mm Black Powder Coated Dutch Barn Stall Door, F., BECKER, V. and ATTAYDE, J.L. Shallow lake restoration and water quality management by the combined effects of polyaluminium chloride addition and benthivorous fish removal: a field mesocosm experiment.Hydrobiologia, 2016, 778(1), 243-252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-015-2606-5. [1325 High Quality Steel Aluminum Metal Plasma Cutting Machine]

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FH-BKLEWANDOWSKI, J., SCHAUSER, I. and HUPFER, M. Long term effects of phosphorus precipitations with alum in hypereutrophic Lake S usser.Water Research, 2003, 37(13), 3194-3204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00137-4. PMid:14509707. [Good Quality Brow Pencil Pencil Private Label Wholesale]

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