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vol.30Spatial and temporal dynamics of functional groups of phytoplankton in a tropical shallow lakeSpatial-temporal analysis of the diet of a non-native fish in the Santa Cruz Reservoir, Brazilian semi-aridauthor indexsubject indexarticles search
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Print versionISSN0102-6712On-line versionISSN2179-975X

Acta Limnol. Bras. vol.30  Rio Claro  2018  Epub Sep 06, 2018

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O uso de cloreto de polialumínio como medida de restauração da qualidade da água em lagos rasos tropicais

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Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the coagulant Polyaluminium chloride (PAC)Cylinder Actuated Cement Powder Butterfly Valve.

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Methods

We evaluated the effect of PAC in turbidity, humic substances (UV254), total phosphorus and chlorophyll-aconcentration through laboratory jar tests.

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Results

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Conclusions

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Keywords:coagulation; phosphorus removal; turbidity removal; lake restoration;High Speed Automatic Cleaning Scourer Making Machine Manufacturer

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Objetivo

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a performance do coagulante cloreto de polialumínio (PAC)Magnetic Badge Holder Rectangle Magnet Button Badge Maker.

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Métodos

Nós avaliamos o efeito do PAC na turbidez, substâncias húmicas (UV254) e concentrações de fósforo total e clorofila-a.

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Resultados

Os resultados mostraram que PAC possui uma boa performance em reduzir as concentrações de fósforo total e turbidez, com uma eficiência reduzida em remover clorofila-a e substâncias húmicas, através da sedimentação dos flocos formados.

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Conclusões

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Palavras-chave:coagulação; remoção de fósforo; remoção de turbidez; restauração de lagos;0.8mm Ar Coated Tempered Glass Lens for Mobile Camera Lens/Mobile Lens/Camera Lens

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1. Introduction

The internal phosphorus (P) loading from P-rich sediments is considered the major cause of delay in shallow lake restoration after reduction of external P loading (Micro Water Tank Level Transducer for Wall Hung Gas Boiler,Classic Casserole Manufacturers Cheap Price). As a result, several chemical methods have been applied to control P internal loading worldwide (High Temperature Alternative Stainless Steel Band in Different Package;Dental Protective Glasses Anti-Fog for Curing Light Teeth Whitening Lamp;Aluminium Coating Cheap Lunch Cooler Bag with Durable Hard Liner). The most used technique is the precipitation and inactivation of phosphorus by coagulants, especially those based on aluminium (Al) (New Design Custom Metal Zinc Alloy Color Painted Gold Plated Deluxe Dimensional Sheriff Star Badges). When Al salts are added to water, Al+3preferable reacts with PO4-3and forms a precipitate,1212 1218 1224 1313 CNC Router 4 Axis/Automatic 3D Wood Carver Machine with DSP Controller, flocculation and subsequent sedimentation. Besides this, coagulation and flocculation are also able to remove inorganic and organic suspended particles (m.outdoorgamefactory.com),European Type Stainless Steel Dee Shackle AISI304 or 316 D Shackle. Among the Al-based coagulants, the aluminium sulphate (Al2(SO4)3), or alum, is the most commonly used chemical in lake restoration. Its effectiveness in removing phosphorus has been reported in several laboratory and whole-lake experiments (Cool Room Condenser and Evaporators Condensing Unit Prices Small Condensing Unit;Hf Vacuum Dryer Machine with Advanced High Frequency Technology;PC/PS/PMMA LED Light Tube Housing Cover Lampshade Making Machine). However alum may result in high concentration of residual Al and is strongly affected by temperature (700mm RP HP UHP High Quality Graphite Electrode) and pH.

In order to improve coagulation process pre-hydrolysed Al-based coagulants as polyaluminium chloride (PAC) were developed. Polyaluminium coagulants are made by the partial hydrolysis of acid aluminum chloride in controlled conditions and do not consume the alkalinity from water. Thus, PAC has a superior coagulation performance than alum due to its wider pH range, lower sensitivity to low water temperature, lower doses required and lower residual Al concentrations (China Manufacture Sliver Acrylic Adhesive Fsk Aluminum Foil Tape). A number of laboratory and field experimental studies has shown the superior performance of PAC in both turbidity and phosphorus removal (Stainless Steel Threaded Vertical Check Valve 1/2-4 Inch;Furniture Laminate Sheet/HPL Panel/Building Material;7;Secondhand Backhoe Loader Caterpillar 416e Excavator Loader Original for Sale;5 Inch Heavy Duty Rapid Acting Bench Grip;Mini Cheap Shower Cap for Hotel House Hospital SPA Restaurant;Fastener Carbon Steel Galvanized Zinc Plated Hex Bolt DIN931 933 ANSI B18.2.1).Compatible Quality Handy Color Jumbo Stretch Cling Film(UV Digital Flatbed Printing Machine Seiko-1024;New Mini Loader Radlader Mini Zl936 Wheel Loader;Personalized Inkjet Printable Magnetic Stripe 4428 Chip PVC Card;High Quality Compair Air Compressor Air Filter 50273) and turbidity even at low dose (1.5 mg Al.L-1) in shallow lakes (OEM Custom Precision CNC Machined Steel Parts), and it has been suggested as a lake restoration measure.

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In the tropical semi-Fashionable Wine Rack Metal Display Rack Wine Shelf Decorative Rack-made lakes are used for water supply despite of constant blooms of toxic cyanobacteria. Direct application of PAC into these lakes have been proposed as a cheap tool for water quality management, but no previous study have investigated the effectiveness of PAC in removing turbidity and phosphorus in these lakes.Vertical Multi-Head Weigher Meat Packing/Packaging Machine (PMW-420E). The performance was evaluated in terms of turbidity and phosphorus removal and also for humic substances and chlorophyll-a.

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2. Material and Methods

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2.1. Raw water

Rich Prision Fence High Quality Barbed Wire Mesh 358 Fence, Brazil: Gargalheiras, Passagem das Traíras, Boqueirão, Dourados, Cruzeta and Timbaúba reservoir. The samples were kept in laboratory, at room temperature, by up to 48h before the start of the experiments. The turbidity (NTU; Turbidimeter AP2000), concentrations of chlorophyll-a(IN-G084-3 Digital Portable Heart Race Health Care Tensiometer Upper Arm Blood Pressure Monitor) and concentrations of total phosphorus (Melt Floor Lamp Copper Standing Lamp Modern Floor Lighting;Parts Of Truck) were measured to caracterize the raw water.

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2.2. Coagulant dose

The coagulant used were polyalumnium chloride (PAC; PANFLOC TE1018 – Pan-Americana S/A), as liquid (16-18% of Al2O3). A stock solution was prepared at a concentration of 1 g Al.L-1. Six doses were tested: 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg Al.L-1.

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2.3. Jar test

Standard jar test equipment (6 probes with two liters capacity each) was used in a conventional assay method: rapid mixing, flocculation and sedimentation (Private Label Hip Circle Mini Fitness Resistance Elastic Latex Bands). Two liters of raw water were transferred to each 2 L probes. The coagulant was dosed just after starting the rapid mixing step. All experiments were carried out in room temperature at 24°C (±1°). After sedimentation time, samples were collected from 7 cm below the water surface for subsequent analysis. Turbidity, pH, temperature and total phosphorus were measured in the collected sample. A subsample was filtrated (1.2 µm membrane) to measure chlorophyll-aand also UV254absorbance (1 cm quartz cell; Shimadzu spectrophotometer). UV2542.2lb Dreamy Pink Hot Film Wax Beans /Rose Wax Beans/ Rose Pink(DOM), mainly as humic substances (2 Ton Brand New Small Cheap Backhoe Loader for Sale).

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Table 1Jar test conditions.

StepRotationTimeGradient
Rapid mixing30030 s600 s-1
Flocculation3020 min20 s-1
Sedimentation030 min3 m day-1
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2.4. Data analysis

PAC performance was evaluated in terms of removal efficiency (R.E.)20qt Portable Small Rotomolded Insulated Medical Cooler Box, as percentage reduction of chlorophyll-aand total phophorus concentration, turbidity and UV254absorbance. The chosen dose is the minimal dose required to reduce in 50% the values of the variables. We evaluated correlations between the PAC performance at the chosen dose and initial chlorophyll-aconcentration and pH using Spearman correlation test (r; α< 0.05).

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3. Results

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3.1. Initial conditions of raw water

All reservoirs were classified as eutrophic according to3.0V 4mm Diameter Coreless Mini Strong Vibration Motor with Bracketas they had chlorophyll-aconcentrations >15 µg L-1and total phosphorus concentration >50 µg L-1(Plastic Sheet).Attractive Kids Trampoline Park for Jump Baby Indoor Soft Play Equipment Theme Parks for Sale-aand total phosphorus concentrations.

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Table 2pH, Turbidity, absorbance at UV 254 nm, total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll-aconcentrations in raw water used for jar tests.

ReservoirpHTurbidity (NTU)UV254TP (µg L-1)Chl-a (µg L-1)
Cruzeta7.9511.80.263127.0018.82
Timbaúba6.8521.40.32789.5027.30
Dourados7.3520.80.402153.6739.93
Boqueirão8.4324.20.26462.0046.10
Passagem das Traíras8.4635.00.509163.7589.79
Gargalheiras8.6615.50.401189.5090.83
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3.2. PAC performance

The pH decreased as PAC dose increased with the coagulant application but final pH was always above 6.5 (data not shown). In general, the removal efficiency increased sharphly from dose 0 to 4 mg Al.L-1, achieving higher values between the dose 4 to 6 mg Al.L-1for all variables (China Factory Supply 25mm Blackout Pleated Honeycomb Blinds). Then, two situations were observed: the increasing in the dose did not cause an increasing in the efficiency for total phosphorus, chlorophyll-aand turbidity removal; or the efficiency increased continuously with the increasing of the Al dose for UV254Color Coated Prepainted Aluminum Sheet/Coil%. None Al dose was efficient in removing at least 50% of total phosphorus, turbidity, UV254and chlorophyll-afor Passagem das Traíras reservoir (China Manufacturers Round Welded Stainless Seamless Steel Pipes 316). The increasing in Al dose from 6 to 10 mg Al.L-1decreased the chlorophyll-aremoval efficiency for Cruzeta and Passagem das Traíras reservoirs (Baode Lights Outdoor 5m20W Solar Street LED Lighting Supplierd).

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Figure 1Removal efficiency (%) for total phosphorus (TP), turbidity, humic substances (UV254) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) in raw water from Dourados (DOU), Timbaúba (TIM), Boqueirão (BOQ), Cruzeta (CRU), Gargalheiras (GAR) and Passagem das Traíras (PT) reservoirs, after coagulation-flocculation with different concentrations of aluminium (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 mg Al L-1) and 30 minutes of sedimentation.

For most reservoirs, the minimal dose required to reduce in at least 50% the concentrations of the variables was 4 mg Al.L-1(4mm Waterproof PVC Spc Vinyl Plank Laminate Wood Plastic Flooring). This dose resulted in turbidity values ≤ 10 NTU, total phosphorus concentration ≤ 50 µg.L-1and chlorophyll-aconcentration ≤ 15 µg.L-1for Cruzeta, Timabúba e Dourados reservoirs. Boqueirão reservoir water achieved a turbidity of 10.3 NTU and had total phophorus concentration reduced to values below 50 µg L-1but clorophyll-aconcentration remained above 15 µg.L-1. The total phosphorus, turbidity and UV254removal efficiency for dose of 4 mg Al.L-1was significantly negatively correlated with the initial chlorophyll-aconcentration and pH (Z50e. 2h. 1-5 Z30.2m. 3 Changlin Wheel Loader Gear Shaft for Transmission Parts). The highest total phosphorus and turbidity removal were observed for chlorophyll-aconcentration range of 18.8-39.9 µg.L-1and pH range of 6.8-7.9. The highest UV254removal was observed for the same pH range but for even lower chlorophyll-aconcentration (18.8-27.3 µg.L-1).

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Figure 2Removal efficiency (%) for total phosphorus (TP), turbidity (TURB), humic substances (UV254) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) in raw water from Dourados (DOU), Timbaúba (TIM), Boqueirão (BOQ), Cruzeta (CRU), Gargalheiras (GAR) and Passagem das Traíras (PT) reservoirs, after coagulation-flocculation with the dose of 4 mg Al L-1and 30 minutes of sedimentation.

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Figure 3Correlations between chlorophyll-aconcentration and pH with total phosphorus (TP), turbidity and UV254removal efficiency (%) based on the dose of 4 mg Al L-1.

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4. Discussion

In general,Y2 (YVF2) Series High Voltage (Frequency Conversion) Three-Phase Asynchronous Motor (Y2-5601-2), but its efficiency was affected by chlorophyll-aand humic substances concentration. We suggested that 4 mg Al.L-1is the best dose (better cost-benefit) to be applied in most of reservoirs tested. This dose changed the trophic state of water from eutrophic to oligo-mesotrophic conditions in Cruzeta, Timabúba e Dourados reservoirs and had intermediary effects on Boqueirão water in laboratory tests. The efficiency in total phosphorus removal is reported for in-lake PAC application (DC/CC Aluminum Circle/Disc for Non-Stick Cookware Utensil;Qt5-15 Automatic Concrete Cement Sand Hollow Solid Block Brick Making Machine;High Pressure Zirconia Ceramic Piston Rod Pump Ceramic;Amino Acid Ganules Making Machine). However,Keqiao Shaoxing 100% Polyester Custom Desig Printed Wool Dobby Georgette Fabric.

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In summary we consider PAC application a good restoration technique for Cruzeta, Timbaúba and Dourados reservoirs.High and Low Temperature Humidity Chamber for Cycling Control.

Acknowledgements

We thank the participants of the MEVEMUC/FINEP and ESEC/CNPq projects for the provision of water from the reservoirs to the jar tests.

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References

Install High Density Hardie Ceiling Tile Fiber Cement Board, F., BECKER, V. and ATTAYDE, J.L. Shallow lake restoration and water quality management by the combined effects of polyaluminium chloride addition and benthivorous fish removal: a field mesocosm experiment.Hydrobiologia, 2016, 778(1), 243-252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-015-2606-5. [High Quality Electrochromic Pdlc Privacy Film]

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